Taw qhia-Lus Txhais-Kev Tsim Kho Keeb Kwm-Tsib Feem Ntau Cov Khoom Uas-Biodegradable-Txo Cov Khoom Txawv Qib
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Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, teeb meem zog thiab ib puag ncig tau dhau los ua cov ncauj lus txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Petrochemical lub zog xws li thee, roj thiab huab cua, raws li kev siv feem ntau tsis txuas nrog lub zog, ib txwm tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tib neeg kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab kev hloov kho kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev siv lub sijhawm txuas ntxiv thiab kev siv ntau ntxiv xyoo los ntawm lub xyoo, lub peev xwm ntawm no tsis txuas ntxiv dua tshiab petrochemical lub zog kom muaj kev ua tau zoo nyob rau yav tom ntej tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Ntxiv mus, kev siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide uas ua los ntawm petrochemical lub zog tau ua rau muaj teeb meem loj ntawm ib puag ncig, xws li lub ntiaj teb ua kom sov, yaj lub ntiaj teb, dej hiav txwv nce ntxiv, thiab lwm yam, uas tau cuam tshuam zoo txog qhov nce ntawm carbon dioxide hauv cov huab cua. Yog li no, yuav ua li cas thiaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab txo qhov uas ntau dhau los ntawm kev txhim kho hauv kev lag luam petrochemical zog tau dhau los ua cov ncauj lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntau yam hauv txhua lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Plastics, cov khoom siv polymer uas tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo dhau los, tau coj kev yooj yim rau cov tib neeg kev tsim khoom thiab lub neej. Nrog txoj kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov khoom siv roj av zoo li no, tib neeg tau ntsib ob qho teeb meem nyuaj: ib puag ncig kev ua qias tuaj thiab cov khoom siv tsis txaus. Tam sim no, tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm plastics nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tau tshaj 230 lab tons / xyoo, thiab cov pa khib nyiab muaj 100 lab tons / xyoo, thiab nws tseem nce ntxiv. Cov khib nyiab feem ntau tau los ntawm cov khoom ntim, cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb, cov ntaub ntawv kho mob, cov plastics rau tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub, thiab lwm yam Vim tias cov ntaub ntawv hluavtaws polymer feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo, lawv tsis yooj yim rau cov khoom thiab qhov ua paug. Cov kev kho mob tseem ceeb rau cov plua plav pov tseg yog av faus thiab kub hnyiab. Av yog cov khib nyiab ntawm thaj av, uas yog qhov nyuaj rau qee lub tebchaws uas muaj cov neeg nyob ntau. Kev tsim cov npluav ua kom muaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide ntau thiab lwm cov teeb meem tsis zoo xws li cov nitrogen, cov leej faj thiab phosphorus, uas ua rau lub tsev cog khoom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj dej nag. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem ntawm thaj av ntawm cov tuam tsev, cov teb chaws tau siv txoj kev cai lij choj thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis los rov ua dua tshiab thiab rov siv cov hnab yas pov tseg ntawm ib sab, thiab txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tuaj yeem ua rau ntawm ib sab. Hauv txoj kev xav, kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab thim ntawm cov yas yuav daws tau ob qho tib si kev ua qias tuaj thiab kev tsis muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov txheej txheem siv, cov khoom siv yas lawv tus kheej, thev naus laus zis thiab cov nqi feem ntau muaj tsawg, thaum tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib puag ncig nws tau los ua cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb tom qab xyoo 1970 thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm txhua lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov khoom siv tsis zoo uas tsis muaj ntau yam tsis tau txais kev txhim kho vim muaj kev txwv nyob rau hauv thev naus laus zis thiab nqi. Txog thaum nyuam qhuav dhau los, tib neeg tau paub ntau dua los ntawm cov pa phem thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum muaj. Cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau tshaj tawm cov kev txwv yas thiab dhau txoj cai los tswj kev tsim thiab nkag ntawm cov yas. Lub sijhawm "txwv" yas txwv "tau tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaum Lub Rau Hli 1, 2008, thiab lub sijhawm" ob ntu "hauv xyoo 2011," Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Kev Cai Tswj Kev Txhawb Txoj Cai Hniav Yas txog Biodegradable Yas "uas tau xa los ntawm CPPCC tus tswv cuab Yang Lan tau txais kev saib xyuas hauv tebchaws.
Kev txhais ntawm kev ua kom tsis zoo:
Hauv kev paub dav, tom qab cov khoom pov tseg, nws yuav cia li lwj thiab ploj hauv qee yam.
Hais lus nruj me ntsis, degradable plastics yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov qauv tshuaj hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig thiab ua rau qee qhov tsis muaj dab tsi hauv kev ua tau zoo uas tuaj yeem ua paug lossis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Tebchaws Meskas:
Cov khoom siv biodegradable xa mus rau kev ua tsis zoo los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kab mob ntuj tsim (kab mob, hu ua fungi, thiab lwm yam).
Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm Tuam Tshoj:
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm plastics thiab lawv cov khoom tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov cai ntawm kev siv, thiab cov khoom hauv kev siv li qub tsis hloov. Tom qab siv tas, lawv tuaj yeem raug kev puas tsuaj mus rau cov khoom hauv ib puag ncig uas ib puag ncig ntuj.
Lus Txhais ntawm Nyiv: biodegradable plastics uas tuaj yeem thuam thaum lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem lom thiab kab mob biochemical lossis hauv chaw ib puag ncig lom
Tiav biodegradable plastics: mas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj polymers (xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose, chitin) lossis ua liaj ua teb by-product los ntawm microbial fermentation lossis synthesis ntawm biodegradable polymers, xws li thermoplastic starch plastics, aliphatic polyesters, poly Lactic acid, starch / polyvinyl cawv, lwm yam yog txhua yam li uas.
Cuam Tshuam biodegradable plastics: Tam sim no feem ntau suav cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hloov (lossis muaj) polyethylene PE, polypropylene PP, polystyrene PS, polyvinyl chloride PVC, thiab cov zoo li.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv roj av biodegradable
txawv teb chaws:
Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov roj ntsha degradable pib thaum xyoo 1970, thaum tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv GJLGriffin tau tawm tswv yim hais txog kev ntxiv pheej yig biodegradable natural starch ua cov muab tub lim rau cov polymer thiab luam tawm thawj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab puv vinyl. Patent, tsim "polyodegradable" polyethylene tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab nrog polyethylene thiab tom qab ntawd dov nws mus rau hauv zaj duab xis. Nws tau faus rau hauv av, thiab tom qab ib ntus cov khoom ntawd dhau mus ua hmoov. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws tshawb nrhiav ntseeg tias cov polyethylene tau hloov kho me me. Qhov rov los ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab no tau ua rau tib neeg lub siab rau lub plhaw biodegradable, thiab tau nkag mus rau nthwv dej ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho raws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab-plastics. Ntau lub teb chaws patents thiab cov ntawv nyeem tau luam tawm, thiab cov ntawv sau ua khoom ua ke tau tsim tawm. Ib txhia tau nyob hauv lub caij 1980s. Kev Ua Lag Luam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog thaum xyoo 1990s tau taw qhia tias CC txoj hlua khi tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv hydrolyzed thiab hydrolyzed. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm pov tseg, tshwj tsis yog photolysis thiab oxidation, polyethylene ua tau tsuas yog ib qho tawg uas tseem nyob hauv cov av thiab tsis tshua yog cov khoom siv muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo. Tiag tiag zoo biodegradability thiab zoo ib yam li cov tsoos yas polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene thiab lwm yam khoom siv lub cev, tsuas yog polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyl ester thiab nws cov amyl ester copolymerization (PHB / PHV) thiab hloov kho cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ib nrab.
txawv teb chaws:
• Lub tuam txhab ua lag luam txawv teb chaws ntawm biodegradable plastics yog: roj-ntxhiab copolyester uas tsim los ntawm BASF hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob hauv kev lag luam npe Ecoflex;
v Polylactic acid tsim los ntawm NatureWorks, USA;
• PVA (PCL) / hmoov txhuv nplej siab tsim los ntawm Novamont Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Ltalis yog hu ua Mater-Bi, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab raws yas, cov npe lag luam yog Novon, polycaprolactone PCL cov npe lag luam yog BionolleTone Polymer; hmoov txhuv nplej siab raws yas, cov npe lag luam yog Novon;
• Japanese Showa Polymer Polybutylene suam PBS, lag luam npe Bionolle.
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHB) tsim los ntawm Mitsubishi Tshuaj, lag luam npe Biopol;
nyeg:
• xyoo 70 - Tuam Tshoj cov ntaub ntawv sau txog tsiaj txhu muaj peev xwm tsim tawm xyoo 1978
• 80s - Ntxiv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab (Tswvyim)
• 90s - cov ntsiab lus ntawm CO2 txo qis
• Tom qab xyoo 2000 - pib kev nplua nuj thiab ib pab pawg lag luam tawm
Cov tuam txhab muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab - Shangjiu, Su Shi, Biage, thiab lwm yam.
Calcium carbonate-based tuam txhab uas muag - zoo nkauj, Suav, Hua Dan, pojniam plaub hau daj, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom siv biodegradable
v PLA
Polylatic acid, luv luv li PLA, tseem hu ua polylactide. Nws yog cov thermoplastic polymer tau los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid tsim tawm los ntawm cov roj ntsha lom, uas muaj biocompatibility zoo thiab biodegradability.
Cov khoom siv lub cev: zoo lub zog txhua yam, zoo biodegradability thiab compatibility, zoo tensile lub zog thiab ductility, zoo roj permeability, oxygen permeability thiab dioxane permeability. Kev rho tawm ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw. Nws yog tib lub biodegradable yas uas muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv zoo thiab tshuaj tua kabmob.
Tsis muaj qhov tsis dhau chaw: qis melting taw tes, muaj zog, pob tshab thiab tsis kam tiv thaiv kev hloov huab cua tsis zoo li cov plastics zoo tib yam.
Cov membrane yog piv rau cov qog ua los ntawm PS.
v PCL
Polyvsptolsvton yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semi-crystalline polymer (aliphatic linear polyester).
Cov khoom siv lub cev: qis melting point thiab iav hloov qhov kub thiab txias, feem, tsuas yog 60 ° C -60 ° C, crystallization kub yog 22 ° C; nws lub zog fiber ntau thiab polyamide 6 fiber yuav luag sib npaug, lub zog tensile tuaj yeem ncav cuag 70.56 cN / tex lossis ntau dua, nodule lub zog Tsis tas li saum 44.1cN / tex. Nws muaj biodegradability zoo, lub ntsej muag zoo nco muaj nuj nqi, solubility zoo nyob rau hauv ntau cov kuab tshuaj, zoo sib xws nrog ntau yam plastics / rubbers, thiab yog qhov kub tsis tshua muaj yas profile.
Kev tsis ncaj: Muaj cov muaj zog crystallinity, qeeb biodegradation, thiab hydrophobic polymer.
v PBS
Polybutylene succinate (poly butylene surcinate) yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob crystalline polymer ua los ntawm polycondensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv aliphatic thiab diol ua raw cov ntaub ntawv.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev: 1. Qhov ntom 1.26g / cm3, yaj kis 114 ° C, 2. Crystallinity yog 30% rau 45% nyob ntawm lub cev hnyav thiab molecular phaus faib
3. Cov cua kub tsis kam tiv thaiv, cov cua sov ua kom sov tawg yog ze rau 100 ° C, thiab qhov kub tom qab kev hloov kho tau ze rau 100 ° C.
Kev ua haujlwm zoo tag nrho, kev tiv tshav kub zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab cov khoom siv dag zog. Kev lag luam tam sim no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv dav dav-tawg degradable plastics, thiab kub ua hauj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv tshav kub ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv biodegradable tag nrho.
Nws cov keeb kwm yog: PBSA, PBST, PBAT.
v PHB
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide qhov chaw cia yog qhov zoo li lipid uas muaj nyob hauv ntau cov kab mob cytoplasms.
Cov khoom siv lub cev: insoluble hauv dej, tab sis soluble hauv chloroform, tuaj yeem tsuas muaj Nile Blue lossis Sudan dub, nrog rau kev cia lub zog, carbon cov pa tawm thiab txo qis intracellular osmotic siab.
v PVA
Cawv polyvinyl
Cov khoom lub cev: PVA yog soluble hauv dej. Cov dej kub ntau dua, cov solubility ntau dua, tab sis nws yuav luag insoluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Lub solubility ntawm PVA sib txawv nrog qhov degree ntawm alcoholysis thiab degree ntawm polymerization. Ib nrab alcoholysis thiab qib qis ntawm polymerization ntawm PVA yaj sai heev, thaum muaj alcoholysis tag nrho thiab qib siab ntawm polymerization PVA yaj qeeb. Kev ua tau zoo yog nruab nrab ntawm cov yas thiab cov roj hmab, nws siv tau faib ua fiber ntau thiab tsis muaj fiber rau ob lub hom phiaj. PVA muaj qhov tshwj xeeb muaj zog adhesion, zaj duab xis yoog, smoothness, roj ua hauj, hnyav tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kab mob, roj thaiv, puas muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv dej tom qab kev kho tshwj xeeb.
v Kev lag luam carbon dioxide copolymer
v aliphatic / ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab copolymer
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv degradable
v Photodegradable plastics: Tus neeg thaij duab thaij ntxiv rau hauv cov yas kom maj mam yaj cov yas hauv qab lub hnub ci. Nws yog rau cov ua ntej neeg ntawm txheej degradable plastics. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias lub sijhawm degradation nws nyuaj rau kwv yees vim hnub ci thiab huab cua hloov, thiab yog li lub sijhawm hloov kho tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau.
v Cov yas yas biodegradable: Ib lub hnab yas uas tuaj yeem muab pov tseg kom tiav mus rau cov khoom siv molecular qis hauv qhov kev ua ntawm cov kab mob me me.
v Teeb / biodegradation
peb muab patented puv biodegradable zaj duab xis thiab lub hnab PVA, tag nrho cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv casting, Nws txawv ntawm cov tshuab moulding khoom, tag nrho cov tshuab moulding khoom tsis puv biodegradable. Peb tuaj yeem tsim pva zaj duab xis thiab hnab txhua lub pob tshab thiab ntau yam xim.
peb kuj muab cov khoom siv organic puv biodegradable zaj duab xis thiab hnab nrog cov khoom muaj ntawv pov thawj muaj txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem.
Xav paub ntau ntxiv PVA zaj duab xis thiab hnab khoom thov mus saib peb:
http://www.joyful-printing.net/pva-bag/
http://www.joyful-printing.com/pva-bag/ eng nkaus xwb