Phau ntawv muaj nuj nqi vs kev txhim kho network
Peb yog ib lub lag luam loj hauv Shenzhen Tuam Tshoj. Peb muaj cov phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv nyuaj, phau ntawv luam ntawv, phau ntawv nyuaj, phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv luam tawm, lub thawv ntim, daim qhia ntawv, txhua yam ntawm PVC, cov ntawv luam tawm, ntawv sau cia, hom tshwj xeeb ntawv xim luam tawm khoom, kev ua si cardand li ntawd.
Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov tuaj xyuas
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New York cov ntaub ntawv - Robert Kaplan phau ntawv tsis tseem ceeb "yog tiag tiag tsis muaj dab tsi", qhov kev piav qhia ntawm xoom yog tiag tiag haum. Nws yog Harvard mathematician uas nyiam tawm hauv phau ntawv tus neeg nplua nuj thiab txawj sau ntawv uas nws sau tau kev tshoov siab thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov tswv yim.
Nws tau hle los ntawm Kaplan phau ntawv 225-nplooj, nrog rau 78-nplooj ntawv phau ntawv, tag nrho cov uas tuaj yeem pom hauv lub vas sab ntawm nws qhov chaw tshaj tawm, Oxford University Printing Department.
Bibliography - Cov qauv kev txhawb zog rau cov kws sau ntawv tau muab txav los ntawm kev ceev cov phau ntawv rau cov nplooj ntawv web. Tus publisher hais tias lawv tau sau ib phau ntawv nrog ib tus bibliographic URL nyob rau hauv phau ntawv thiaj li hais tias tus neeg twg xav nyeem nws tau yooj yim tau nws los ntawm hauv Internet. Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sib pauv yog tias phau ntawv me dua, cheaper, thiab txav tau.
Kuj ceeb tias, qee tus sau phau ntawv no yeej txhawb nqa cov kev hloov no, tab sis kuj muaj kev tawm tsam.
Larry Cohen, tus kws sau ntawv ntawm Massachusetts lub koom haum Tshuab Technology, hais tias, "Tau kawg peb txhawb kom peb cov neeg sau ntawv ua txhua yam lawv ua tau los hloov cov kev kawm thiab cov ntawv luam tawm nrov." Qhov ntev ntawm daim ntawv tau ntev zog thiab ntev dua, thiab peb tau sim nrhiav thiab pom zoo li cas hauv phau ntawv muab faib ua qhov chaw, uas yuav ua rau cov neeg nyeem tsis txaus siab txaus siab. "
Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua tus pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim no.
"Kuv xav tias qhov ntawd yog qhov txaus ntshai," hais tias Peter Lyman, xibfwb qhia ntawv hauv University of California lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv thiab Library Studies. "Raws li qhov ntev, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kua qoob loo thiab muab nws tso rau hauv qhov ntuj txias thiab cov av noo. yog ib yam nkaus thiab tsis zoo, tsis zoo li cov phau ntawv uas tau ntev rau ntau xyoo lossis ib-paus xyoo. " .
Txij xyoo 18th, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau txais kev txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis muaj kev txawj ntse. Kev siv cov ntxhuav, lub hau-ups, thiab kev sib tham ntawm cov phau ntawv tshiab yog ib txoj kev rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg nyeem kom lawv tau txais cov pov thawj ntawm kev pab cuam ntawm txoj kev xav thiab kev sib cav.
Kev txiav txim siab txiav cov nqi ntawm cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, cov neeg tshaj tawm, thiab cov neeg tuav ntaub ntawv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lawv yog tias cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv Internet yuav ua rau qee cov phau ntawv sau ntawv.
"Kuv xav tias qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib phau ntawv yog ua raws li cov lus nug," hais tias ib tug neeg saib ntawv hauv University of California ntawm Berkeley. "Peb tsis paub cov ntaub ntawv twg, xws li cov phau ntawv lossis cov tes hauj lwm, tsis tas li ntawd, peb tsis paub yuav ua li cas txuag cov bytes ntawm lub network rau ntau pua xyoo; peb tsuas paub tias daim ntawv khaws cia rau lub sij hawm ntev, thiab cov txheej txheem digital network.Qhov chaw yog li kev mob nkeeg, koj puas paub tias koj tseem tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv no hauv online tom qab 15 xyoo? "
Qhov teeb meem no tseem yog txhua lo lus nug txhua tus, piv txwv li, Phau Ntawv Koomhaum ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nyhav nyiaj txiag thiab cia siab tias yuav nrhiav kev pab kom txuag tau cov ntaub ntawv. "
Txawm hais tias cov lus teb tseem tsis tau pom, qee cov publishers tseem ntseeg tias kev siv hom disassembly mus muag, nyob rau hauv lub tsos ntawm ntim thiab nqi yuav nrov dua. Nws yog lub ntuj xaiv uas qee cov ntaub ntawv uas txuas nrog rau phau ntawv rho tawm, vim hais tias tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov neeg nyeem yuav tau nyeem qhov no. Lo lus "bibliography" yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus "bibliographia". Txoj kev txhais ntaub ntawv txhais tau tias yog sau cov ntawv. Cov kws qhia ntawv feem ntau txhais cov phau ntawv teev lus qhia ua ib qho cuab yeej ntawm kev kawm.
Qee tus sau tau zoo siab txog qhov kev paub ntau yam ntawm qhov chaw no, raws li lawv cia lawv mus cuag cov haujlwm ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm thiab txhawb qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm lawv txoj kev xav. Tus sau, Jill Watts, raug nug los ntawm nws tus Publisher (Printing Department of Oxford University) txog lub tswv yim tias cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau tau ntawm electronically segmented hauv Internet. Watts, uas yog ib tus xibfwb hauv California State University, hais tias: "Nws xav tsis thoob thaum nws hnov lub tswv yim thiab nug qee cov neeg sau ntawv thiab kws tshawb fawb los muab tswv yim." Nws hais tias: "Yog tias cov cuab yeej kev kawm no ploj mus, ces peb yuav rov qab mus ntxov ntxov thaum tus neeg sau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj qhov chaw tab sis tau hais tias cov lus lawv xav hais."
Tom qab Watts thiab tus editor ntawm Oxford University tau pom zoo lawm, nws tau txiav txim siab kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia thiab nrhiav cov nplooj ntawv rau kev sau ntawv thiab cov tshooj no es tsis txhob siv cov lus kaw.
Ib qho laj thawj yog vim li cas lub University of Oxford lub luam ntawv yog ib qho zoo siab txog kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau qhia yog tias lawv feem ntau xav tias kev nyiaj txiag. Yuav kom nthuav lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyeem, cov neeg tshaj tawm no sim nrhiav lub khw uas nrov dua, uas txhais tau hais tias lub ntim tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj tswv yim.
Lub koom haum luam ntawv hauv Rutger University pib kawm nrog lub tswv yim no. Tus neeg sau ntawv tau nug ib qho ntawm lawv cov kws sau ntawv, Stephen Brush, los txhim kho phau ntawv kho tshiab 500 nplooj ntawv, "Kev Kho Mob: Kev Tiv Thaiv Tib Neeg."
Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Maryland lub keeb kwm xibfwb, Txhuam, thiab Publisher tau txais kev pom zoo los siv nws cov nplooj ntawv 100 nplooj ntawv luam tawm los luam thiab hloov phau ntawv es tsis txhob sau dua tshiab thiab txhim kho cov phau ntawv qhia. Nws hais tias: Nws tseem tuaj yeem raug pom tsis hais seb nws ua haujlwm lossis tsis ua, tab txawm nws tsis pom zoo los ntawm network moderator lossis publisher. "Txoj kev hloov no zoo li tus me nyuam mos xav mus rau ib yam loj dua." Nws hais tias: "Dab tsi kuv txhawj xeeb txog yog qhov siab kom muab tag nrho phau ntawv hauv Internet."
Leej twg thiaj li yuav tswj lub website? Nws puas tsa ntau cov lus nug ?! Yog tias qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus sau, ua li cas thaum nws mob lossis tuag lawm ?! Yog tias qhov no yog txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg ua hauj lwm, nws yuav ua li cas rau tus neeg tshaj tawm txoj hauj lwm? ? "
Lub koom haum MIT Printing Department tau ntsib teeb meem. Tom qab ib tug xibfwb qhia ntawv (phau ntawv nyeem) tuag lawm, thaum tsis muaj peevxwm tswj lub vev xaib, muaj ntau tus neeg nyeem tsis txaus siab vim li cas cov phau ntawv uas tau muab tso tawm rau nws tuaj yeem tsis tau.
"Tsis muaj dab tsi tiag" Kaplan, tus sau phau ntawv no, tseem siv nws txoj kev soj ntsuam tau hauv phau ntawv disassembly. Nws cov ntaub ntawv siv ua rau nws cov neeg ua tim khawv muaj ntau txoj hauv kev ~ feem ntau nrog cov tswv yim ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem. Thiab nws ntseeg hais tias ib lub ntsiab lus nyuaj ntawm phau ntawv no yuav muaj kev vam meej.
Kaplan tau hais tias: "Yuav tsis muaj lwm yam lus hais." "Vim cov publishers xav tau nyiaj hauv cov phau ntawv loj thiab hnyav, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kom tiav, kuv tsis xav kom kuv phau ntawv raug tso tawm yam tsis muaj kev pabcuam rau kev pabcuam (bibliographic support)." Nyob rau hauv cov lus sib cav thiab cov lus sib cav, peb zoo ib yam li nerds, "said Kaplan's editorial executive ntawm Oxford, Peter Ginna. "Kaplan phau ntawv yog phau zoo tshaj plaws uas peb lub lag luam muag, thiab qhov thib tsib tsab tau raug kho dua tshiab."
Txawm li cas los xij, tseem tshuav ib co ntawv uas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm kom zoo. Cov lus Italian thiab lus German tsis nco qab xam nrog cov ntawv sau rau lub neej ntawm lub website hauv phau ntawv. Qee cov nyeem uas rov nyeem Kaplan phau ntawv thuam tias tsis muaj phau ntawv sau nyob hauv phau ntawv no, tab sis tsis paub tias phau ntawv cim tau cim nrog lwm yam khoom xws li cov phau ntawv keeb kwm uas muaj nyob rau hauv Internet.