Qhov zoo thiab siv cov duab thaij duab thiab cov duab thaij duab
Peb yog ib lub tuam txhab luam ntawv loj hauv Shenzhen Tuam Tshoj. Peb muaj cov phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv xov xwm luam ntawv, phau ntawv luam ntawv, phau ntawv nyuaj, phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv luam tawm, phau ntawv luam tawm, lub thawv ntim, daim qhia ntawv, txhua yam ntawm PVC, cov ntawv luam tawm, ntawv sau cia, hom tshwj xeeb ntawv xim luam tawm khoom, kev ua si cardand li ntawd.
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Thaum tib neeg saib cov duab thaij duab niaj hnub nim no thiab cov duab digital, lawv muaj peev xwm paub txog me ntsis kev soj ntsuam thiab kev tshawb xyuas. Daim duab yog tiag tiag, lub theem qis thiab mos, thiab xim zoo nkauj. Qhov thib ib zoo li ib qho yeeb yuj, eye-catching, contrasting, clear-cut duab ntawm ib Diam duab digital luam. Vim li cas lawv qhov kev tsim nyog thiaj li pom tseeb? Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm lawv cov qauv kev thaij duab thiab cov txheej txheem tsim tawm.
1 Txuj ci kev cai thiab kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm niaj hnub txwm duab thaij duab thaij duab
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb xws li duab kos duab, duab kos ntawv, kos duab kos duab, kos duab fais fab, xoos duab hluav taws xob, zaj duab xis siv rau hauv phaj ntawv, zaj duab xis rau qee cov microfilms, cov duab thaij duab, thiab cov zoo li.
Feem ntau, niaj hnub siv cov duab thaij duab tsis muaj peev xwm ncaj qha tau cov duab tom qab thaij duab raug, thiab feem ntau siv tshuaj lom neeg xws li kev txhim kho, kho, dej ntxuav, ziab, thiab lwm yam kom pom thiab pom ntev ntev, faib ua peb theem theem. , cov duab thaij duab (tsim cov duab latent), thiab kev loj hlob ntawm theem (ua tus duab pom).
1.1 Cov ntaub ntawv npaj txog kev thaij duab
Thawj yog kev npaj ntawm cov duab emulsions. Cov uas yuav tsum tau siv rau txhua hom duab thaij duab txawv. Cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom siv nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm cov duab emulsions yog txawv los ntawm cov ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem. Raws li cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem technology ntawm ntau hom ntsiav tshuaj, npaj cov potassium bromide (potassium halide, potassium iodide) thiab kua nitrate aqueous tov yog txhaj rau hauv cov tshuaj tov ntawm tej yam kub ntawm cov duab ci gelatin uas yog raug ua nyob hauv chav tsaus nti los ntawm ob txoj kev txhaj tshuaj. Lub poov tshuaj bromide yog sib xyaw nrog cov roj nitrate kom tsim ib qho kev nplua nuj ntawm cov nyiaj bromide, uas yog ib qho uas tau tso rau hauv ib lub hnab yas gelatin los ua tus duab thaij emulsion.
Cov emulsion yog raug rau txoj hauv kev tsaus ntuj nti, xws li ntxuav potassium nitrate nrog dej khov, ntxiv ib qho tshuaj lom neeg xws li tus neeg muaj lub siab tawv, ib tus neeg tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tus neeg sawv cev, tus neeg ua npau tawv, thiab cov zoo li no. Ua ib tug qauv duab emulsion uas tuaj yeem siv tau.
Txheej thiab xov tom qab: Cov duab saum toj kawg nkaus emulsion yog raug rau 5 ~ 8 ° C nyob rau hauv ib chav tsaus nti, txhaj rau hauv lub tshuab txheej txheej txheej, thiab tom qab ntawd coated rau hauv paus zaj duab los yog duab thaij, qhuav ntawm kub tsawg, thiab txiav Hlais, punch, thiab dhau qhov kev kuaj mus rau hauv ib qho khoom tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas, muab tso rau hauv lub tsev muag khoom, thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam.
1.2 Ntiaj teb yeeb yaj duab raug theem
Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov xim bromide hauv cov duab thaij duab thaij hauv kev siv cov yeeb yaj kiab uas siv los ntawm kev nqus ntawm lub zog thaum lub sij hawm kis, thiab ib qho ntawm cov nyiaj bromide yog decomposed los ua kom muaj cov latent duab nyiaj thiab bromine. Thaum lub sij hawm raug, qhov ceev ntawm lub latent duab tsim los ntawm ib feem ntawm zaj duab xis illuminated los ntawm lub zog muaj zog loj, thiab lub latent duab yog lub chaw thooj. Lawv yuav cuam tshuam txog kev txhim kho tom ntej thiab qhov ceev ntawm lub duab ntxoov ntxoo hlau thiab cov duab zoo li cas.
1.3 Kev loj hlob theem ntawm cov duab thaij duab
Kev loj hlob yog kev siv ntawm tus tsim tawm kom sib hloov ntawm cov nyiaj bromide crystal particles nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj nyiaj xaj emulsion nyiaj rau daim ntawv nyiaj hlau metallic. Yog li ntawd, thiaj li yuav tau kawm qhov kev vam meej ntawm kev loj hlob, nws tseem tuaj yeem pib los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom hnyav muag nyiaj, thiab cov nyiaj ntsuab hnyav hnav yeej pib ntawm ib qho chaw los yog qee qhov chaw saum toj. Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas txoj kev loj hlob pib los ntawm ib qho chaw los yog qee cov ntsiab lus saum toj no yog vim cov nyhuv ntawm cov duab qis. Lub latent duab tuaj yeem ua rau lub txiaj ntsig nyiaj nyob ib ncig ntawm nws yuav raug txo kom tsawg ntawm cov nyiaj hlau. Thaum cov nyiaj phom nyiaj txo no, lawv nyeg txhawb kev txo qhov nyiaj ntawm ib qho nyiaj hla mus txog rau thaum tag nrho cov nyiaj hlais poob. Lub latent duab plays lub luag hauj lwm catalytic hauv kev tsim los yog accelerating txo ntawm nyiaj hle ntawm toner thaum txoj kev loj hlob.
Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom hlau uas tau nyiaj los ntawm kev txhim kho yog tsis yog ib yam khoom loj, tab sis ib qho qauv zoo li cov qauv uas muaj qhov sib npaug zoo tshaj qhov qub.
Los ntawm cov saum toj no, nws pom tau tias cov khoom ntawm cov nyiaj ions thiab cov khoom hlau nws ua si ua ib qho tseem ceeb heev hauv kev npaj los ntawm emulsion los yog nyob rau hauv raug thiab kev loj hlob ntawm zaj duab xis los yog cov ntawv thaij. Vim hais tias lawv cov khoom sib dhos yog ze rau qhov loj me ntawm cov nanometer, cov khoom raug nplua yog tawg thiab ua rau cov duab zoo nkauj, xim zoo nkauj thiab muag heev, thiab cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog cov uas ua rau tibneeg xav tias qhov kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thaum saib .
Niaj hnub qub thaij photographic lub teeb-sensitive khoom dluab yog heev ntau yam. Xws li kev kos duab, kev ncig xyuas duab, kev ua tshoob kos duab, kab tshoob kev kos duab, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj, thiab cov duab ntawm cov kev ua ub no xws li kev cai thiab kev ua si, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, kev tshawb fawb, luam ntawv thiab hluav taws xob hauv nruab nrab.
2 Ntsiab lus thiab siv digital photography
Lub hauv ntej ntawm lub koob yees duab digital yog nruab nrog cov lo ntsiab muag kho qhov muag, framing ntas, ceev-tsiv thiab lwm yam khoom, thiab txoj kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li ib lub koob yees duab pom. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tias lub koob yees duab ntawm photoelectric yog nruab nrog ib qhov kev yees duab txuas nrog CCD. Thaum shooting dluab, lub lens optical siv los tsom xam qhov chaw mus rau CCD. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev ntawm lub teeb, lub CCD pixel generates ib qho tam sim no vim qhov kev hloov ntawm cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm. Tus muaj zog lub teeb, qhov loj dua tam sim no. Txoj kev cai binary (duab code) uas nws tam sim no hloov dua siab tshiab rau "0" lossis "1" yog muab cia rau hauv lub cim xeeb, uas yog sib npaug rau cov txheej txheem raug nyob rau hauv ib lub koob yees duab. Thiaj li ua kom muaj xim duab, lub teeb kis dhau los ntawm txheej set liab, ntsuab, Cov xim xiav rau ntawm CCD pixel thiab ua ke los ntawm lub teeb liab los tsim cov duab xim. Obviously, ntau CCD pixels, ntau dua qhov daws teeb meem ntawm cov duab, thiab qhov loj dua qhov chaw cia nyob hauv txhua daim duab. Qhov tseeb, qhov chaw cia nyob ntawm txhua daim duab loj dhau (feem ntau yog pua pua dluab ntawm ib daim duab). KB rau MB), ntau cov koob yees duab cov duab tso tawm cov duab thiab khaws cia rau sab hauv lub cim xeeb.
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog hloov cov duab ntawm cov koob yees duab digital rau hauv tshuab computer. Tom qab tus neeg siv txaus siab, nws yuav raug xa mus rau lub tshuab luam ntawv luam tawm. Thaum kawg, yuav pom cov duab zoo nkauj (cov yees duab yuav ua tau duab loj).
2.1 CCD Photoelectric Charge Coupled Conversion Ntaus
CCD, qhov kev sib txuas ntawm qhov muag sib txuas nrog yees duab, tau raug tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau oxide-semiconductor thiab tau dhau los ua cov khoom ntim duab zoo nkauj heev. Ntxiv rau kev ntes cov duab thiab cov duab ua duab, CCD kuj tseem siv tau rau cov ntaub ntawv ua thiab cov ntaub ntawv cia, duab thiab kev ua haujlwm. CCD ob-dimensional uas tau tsim los ntawm Optics yog siv los tseem siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lub tuam txhab Kodak tau tsim:
2.1.1 Daim Puv Nres CCD Image Sensor
Lub CCD sensor yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov qauv yooj yim (pixels) txhua qhov muaj qhov chaw mos thiab qhov chaw cia khoom. Qhov chaw tsaus nti ua rau lub thev naus laus zis, thiab cov nqi tsub zuj zus tuaj rau qhov chaw khaws cia thiab tso zis los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nco.
Tas nrho cov duab CCD yog duab ntes ntawm ib chav ntim ua ke nrog chav tsev nco, thiab nws cov duab thaij duab tau muab faib ua ob ntu, xws li kev sib tos thiab nyeem ntawv. Hauv thaj chaw xws li, electrons tau tsim los ntawm photons tau tsim nyob hauv cov duab ua tus qauv, thiab cov khoom siv electrons uas tau sau hauv txhua CCD pixel sib raug mus rau qhov muag pom ntawm daim duab, thiab tus nqi sau rau hauv txhua pixel hauv cheeb tsam readout yog xa mus rau qhov hluav taws xob tso zis. Xws li CCD yooj yim tsim ua, siv yooj yim, thiab muaj lub teeb liab, tiam sis tsis tuaj yeem pom thaum nyeem ntawv. Yog li, ib tug neeg kho tshuab shutter yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub koob yees duab, thiab cov lus teb xiav qhwv kuj tseem tsawg.
Ib cov xim xim ntxiv rau txhua pixel ntawm lub sensor tsim lub xim duab sensor. Cov xim dye uas ua los ntawm cov duab no yog hu ua CFA, vim hais tias qhov muag tib neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov ntsuab, yog li CFA xav tias Cov zauv ntawm lub hlwb yog ob zaug ntawm cov xim liab thiab xiav.
Thaum lub illuminance loj loj, thaum tus nqi tsim nyob rau hauv cov pixel tshaj lub peev xwm ntawm lub pixel, cov nqi ntau tshaj yuav tsum tau stringed rau hauv pixel uas nyob ib sab, ua rau cov duab kom tau qhov muag plooj, thiab cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lateralow (COD) kom them tus nqi ntau tshaj ua ntej them nyiaj xwb. Tso tawm.
Lub CCD siv nyob rau hauv amateur tseem photography muaj COD vim hais tias cov scene tsis tau tswj. Cov koob yees duab siv rau hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab scientific fields uas muaj cov teeb meem kos duab uas muaj kev sib txig tsis muaj COD. Nws muaj siab rhiab heev thiab muaj peev xwm loj pixel.
2.1.2 6.4 M duab pixel sensor
Lub Kodak kev digital koob yees duab DCS200C siv 1029 × 1526 cov kev sib tw xa mus CCD ntes cov dluab, lub sab hauv disk hard disk khw muag khoom, thiab cov koob yees duab hauv megapixel cov xim tawm cov xim nyuaj, qhov zoo tshaj qhov teeb meem tseem yees duab yees duab.
Ib qho xim xim lim tig ntxiv nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub lens lub koob yees duab kom lub CCD sensor tau txais cov xim liab, ntsuab thiab xiav hauv ib theem zuj zus, yog tias tsuas yog ib qho CCD xim tuaj yeem ntes xim duab, kev daws teeb meem thiab kev luam xim. nws yog qhov zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim kev vibration thiab cov zoo li, lub koob yees duab thiab cov scene kuj txav. Thaum cov duab liab qab, ntsuab, thiab xiav ua ib daim duab, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov xim tsis muaj tseeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim, yog li nws tsuas yog tsim rau shooting tseem scenes.
Qhov feem ntau lub koob yees duab ntawm kev tsim duab rau cov duab tseem ceeb yog CCD tag nrho. Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv txheej txheem uas muaj kev sib txuam nrog kev sib txuam nrog siab, muaj suab nrov nrov, dav dav, thiab siab pixel ceev.
Cov duab coj los sis luam tawm rau hauv lub computer yuav ua tiav nrog cov duab coj ua software, thiab nws yooj yim heev rau cov duab hauv Windows lub platform. Vim tias cov duab tsim software qhib hauv qab lub platform muaj ntau ntau yam thiab ua haujlwm, nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau ntau yam kev ua thiab kev ua haujlwm uas tib neeg xav tau. Adobe Photoshop software yog tam sim no qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov duab swb ncav cuag lub yees duab kom zoo, ua rau lawv muaj yeeb yuj, zoo nkauj thiab zoo. Photoshop software yog ib tus thawj cov duab software tsim nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, featuring haib nta thiab lag luam yooj yim. Tus software muaj tsawg kawg yog txheej txheem thiab luas cov duab cia.
2.2.1 Kev Teeb Ci thiab Kev Hloov Siab Muag: Lub ci ci thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm tag nrho los sis ib nrab ntawm cov duab yuav raug kho kom yooj yim, yog li qhia tau qhov teebmeem ntawm cov duab sib txawv thiab cov tswv yim coj los siv.
2.2.2 Cov kev hloov xim: Cov theem xim tau kho kom tshem tawm cov xim tsis muaj zog, thiab xim xim thiab saturation ntawm cov xim yuav tsum kho thiab kho intuitively, thiab cov dluab zoo thiab tsis pom tau yooj yim dua.
2.2.3 Tshem tawm cov pos huab, qhov ntxa, thiab liab qhov muag: Kev ua duab software siv tau yooj yim tshem tawm cov khoom artifacts ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam thiab hloov cov duab ntse.
2.2.4 Hloov cov duab zoo nkauj: ua kom cov duab tsim ntau yam deformations, thiab tau txais ib daim duab tshiab thiab nws cov duab zoo nkauj nrog ntau hom ntawv, xws li: xaav - ua pixels ntawm daim duab nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia txawv Txiav, nyem (Pinch) - nyem daim duab sab hauv lossis sab nraud, tswj kev hloov (Txoj kev Ncig Mus Ncig Qaum Teb) - hloov cov duab los ntawm Cartesian coordinates mus rau qhov chaw tswj kev sib txawv los yog kev sib tham nrog lub npav rau Cartesian coordinates. Lub voj voog ua ib lub voj voog, thiab cov ntawv nyeem los yog kwv yog peb-dimensionalized los tsim ib qho kev nyuab nyuab thiab cov zoo li.
2.2.5 Ua kom muaj ntau yam xim: Cov duab yuav tsum ua kom tau ntau yam xim ntawm cov duab thaij, feem ntau yog siv qhov muag pom kev zoo (diffuse) - ua duab zoo nkaus li ib qho teeb meem ntawm cov nyhuv iav (ua duab hauv cov nplua nuj Cov paj huam - embossing - ntxim rau embossing duab tom qab uas ua rau ib qho khoom sib xyaws los yog cov khoom siv yeeb yaj kiab los tshwm rau hauv ib daim duab; extrude - hloov ua ib qho duab rau hauv qhov cub ntawm 3-qhov cub, los yog siv tau Hloov cov duab los yog tsim qhov kev ua kom zoo li qub (nrhiav tau) - ua kom pom cov duab zoo nkaus li ib tus cwj mem ua ke; qhov nyhuv ciav (vuas) - Kev ua cov duab rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom vaj tse; cua nyhuv - ua rau muaj qee qhov kab hauv me me los ua kom cua, cua hlob, lub zog ntawm cov cua nyhav yog xaiv los ntawm leej twg; ided rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm random, ua tau cov nyhuv xws li ib qho chaw xim; mezzotint - ua kom muaj cov duab kos cov duab uas coj cov duab zoo tshaj plaws; fragmentation - ua rau cov duab tsis paub tseeb Vim li no, qhov kev ua kom pom tseeb tsis yog siv rau qhov kev tsim muaj kev tshwm sim sai dhau los ua ke nrog rau kev tawm tsam zoo li zoo.
2.2.6 Lwm tus: xws li simulating shooting effect ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab simulating cov nyhuv ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv yim tsoos tsaus ntuj nti.
3 inkjet txheej txheem
Ua ntej, yuav tsum muaj cov ntawv luam tawm inkjet thiab computer software siv lub inkjet lub luam ntawv, nrog rau cov duab nruas ceev ntawm inkjet duab uas tus neeg siv xav tau, qhov hloov ceev ntawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb xa khoom, qhov kub ntawm cov cua kub rau tub ntxhais, thiab ntau yam xim ntawm cov inkjet nozzle. Tus edited software xws li number case, ceev, kev siv, thiab evaporative drying ceev tom qab duab luam tawm tswv yim rau hauv lub computer.
Ua ntej cov ntawv luam tawm inkjet, nws tseem ceeb heev yuav tsum ntxuav cov ntawv luam tawm inkjet thiab xyuas seb qhov kev npaj ua haujlwm puas muaj chaw.
Thov cov inkjet duab software hais kom ua ntawm inkjet lub tshuab luam ntawv los pib lub inkjet tshuab luam ntawv rau inkjet luam ntawv. Raws li kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov inkjet printers, Beijing Yunyuan Digital Co., Ltd. muaj txheej txheem inkjet luam ntawv software rau cov neeg siv xaiv.
Muaj ntau hom inkjet tshuab luam ntawv. Cov inkjet tshuab luam tawm los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab tau tsim muaj lawv tus cwj pwm thiab cov patents, thiab lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg sib txawv, tab sis feem ntau yog muaj ntau yam khoom uas tau pom hauv Daim Ntawv Xaiv 3.
3.1 Lub taub hau taub hau ntawm inkjet lub luam ntawv
Lub inkjet printhead ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv inkjet muaj ntau yam qauv tsim, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4, Daim duab 5 thiab daim duab 6. Txuas cov inkjet ntawv sau muaj ntau inkjet sau hau. Lub pobzeb nozzle yog li 4μm. Feem ntau, raws li lub pixel taw tes, xws li Epson xim stylus yog 1440 × 1440 dpi, Lexmark 7000 yog 1200 × 1200dpi, thiab lub nozzle ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv inkjet muaj ntau pixels. Lub inkjet lub tshuab luam ntawv muaj lub qhov ntim loj qhib, lub pob me me lub taub hau, ib qho piv txwv tsawg tsawg ntawm cov inkjet, thiab muaj tsawg tus pixels poob rau hauv cov duab inkjet, thiab cov duab tau yog ib qho fuller thiab muaj tseeb dua.
Yog vim li cas cov duab luam tawm los ntawm lub dav dav digital cov koob yees duab muaj kev nkag siab ntawm distortion yog tias lub pixel thaws rov qab los ntawm tus cwj mem kua droplet splashed ntawm daim ntawv cab kuj qhia txog qhov loj me me ntawm qib molecular, thiab cov ntsiab lus particle muaj qee yam ntawm cov khoom taw tes thiab ploj. Ntau pixels, ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm daim duab, qib yog ntshiab, tsis muag thiab puv, tib neeg qhov muag zoo tsis xis, muaj lub siab ntawm distortion, uas yog vim li cas nws tsis tuaj yeem muab piv rau qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm txwm duab dluab.
3.2 Luam cov ntawv tshwj xeeb
Yog tias ib daim ntawv hais txog kev siv inkjet luam tawm, ib tug poob ntawm tus lej yog muab txav mus rau hauv daim ntawv raws li qhia hauv daim duab 7. Cov ntiv taw xaum tseem qee muag ib ncig thiab nkag mus rau hauv tob hau ntawm daim ntawv, thiab cov duab ntub dej ntawm tus cwj pwm ua qeeb qeeb, cuam tshuam txog kev ceev ceev. Txhawm kom tiv thaiv tau tus cwj mem los ntawm kev nkag mus thiab txhawm rau kom qhuav qhuav ntawm cov kua mis, nws feem ntau yog siv rau ntawm daim ntawv nrog ib txheej uas muaj lub siab phom polymer thiab titanium dioxide (TiO) los yog talc (SiO2). Qhov txheej thickness yog matched rau tus number case. Nws pab nqus tau qee qhov ntawm tus cwj pwm moisture, uas yuav txhawb tau cov duab kom qhuav sai sai, ua kom lub cev tsuag ntev thiab txo nqi.
4 Cov txiaj ntsim thiab kev siv ntawm cov duab thaij duab
4.1 Qhov zoo ntawm cov duab thaij duab yog qhov kev siv los ua kom lawv muaj ntau yam, cov duab yog tiag tiag, cov xim muaj qhov ci, cov qib muaj tseeb, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseeb.
4.2 Siv: Nws tuaj yeem siv tau rau txhua qhov chaw uas siv cov duab thaij duab tuaj yeem siv. Nws yog dav siv hauv CT, MR, DSA, ECT, Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab lwm yam kev kho mob tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Nws tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov duab loj. Xws li ntau txoj cai kev nce qib duab, khoom muag, lub thawv rau lub thawv, thiab ntxiv rau.
Nws tsuas shortcoming yog tias cov duab ua tswvcuab nrog nws tsis yog tiag tiag li cov dluab luam nrog cov duab photographic, cov xim zoo nkauj, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg muaj puv, thiab qhov txawv yog muag.
5 Xaus
Los ntawm qhov zoo thiab kev siv ntawm cov duab saum toj no-hais txog cov duab dluab thiab cov duab digital photographs, nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov daim ntawv thov cov tsos photographic dluab saib ntawm qhov tam sim no zoo theem ntawm cov duab thaij duab. Cov tib neeg yuav siv lawv cov kev txawj zoo dua thiab zam lawv, thiab lawv yuav koom nrog rau ib lub sijhawm.